International Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701The potential association of COVID-19 and Psychological Distress and Anxiety in Iran25498510.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.254985ENZahra KarimiStudents Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran0000-0002-6544-3764Zahra DavoodiSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran0000-0002-4475-5574Leila RabieiSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord. Iran.0000-0002-5269-2315Mahnaz JafariSchool of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran0000-0001-5682-4525Mansoureh Kiani DehkordiPsychosis Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4811-4149Roy Rillera MarzoDepartment of Community Medicine, Asia Metropolitan University, Malaysia0000-0001-9414-4010Masoud LotfizadehDepartment of Public Health, Iran0000-0002-4694-327XJournal Article20220522<strong>Objective:</strong> COVID-19 prevalence is a new and serious threat to public health. The disease has had an impact on nearly every important economic, political, social, and even military aspect of many countries around the world. As a result, the psychological effects of this viral disease on different levels of society's psychological health are critical, necessitating scientific research. This study looked into the possible link between COVID-19 and psychological distress and anxiety in Iran.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The first large-scale global study of psychological distress and anxiety in public society, this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study was based on the participation of people from some Asian countries during the COVID-19 epidemic. Only the results from Iran were presented in this article. This study had 1480 participants and used a standard questionnaire called the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> It was discovered that 1171 (79%) of the participants were female, while 309 (21%) were male. The CPDI Questionnaire yielded a mean score of 54.16±6.13. There was a significant relationship (p=0.0002) between age group and total score of psychological distress and anxiety. The findings revealed a link between anxiety variables and education (p = 0.0001), monthly income (p = 0.008), and gender (p = 0.019).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> It can be concluded that the majority of study participants were in an unfavorable psychological distress and anxiety situation.https://www.ijehs.com/article_254985_6a8c46f2c5c2024a15dac171ed8d66cd.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701A qualitative study of the experience of touching betrayal and the strategies chosen by the betrayed person25414610.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.254146ENShila LatifzadehClinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranKourosh ZareaNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Disease, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranHossein Komaili-SaniNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Disease, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranMalek Fereidooni-MoghadamDepartment of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20220520<strong>Background: </strong>When there is betrayal and disloyalty in a family, the betrayed spouse suffers the most, resulting in mental health disorders and a loss of emotional and behavioral balance. The purpose of this study was to explain the divorce crisis in betrayed spouses.<br /><strong>Method: </strong>This qualitative research was conducted as a content analysis method in Ahvaz, Iran. Data was gathered through 18 semi-structured interviews with 14 betrayed participants chosen using purposeful sampling. The data was analyzed using the traditional content analysis method.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>After analyzing the data, three main themes and seven subcategories were identified. Among the themes were divorce issues, with subcategories such as "fear of disclosure," "moving towards divorce," and "fear of consequences, lack of support, and parent household problems."<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the findings, some of the study participants had not forgiven their spouse after discovering their betrayal and had broken up, but others had to ignore their partner's flaws and carry on with their lives for a variety of reasons, including a fear of losing their children, loneliness, and a lack of support. More research in this area is recommended.https://www.ijehs.com/article_254146_b69f5bd8d6df406ef58855830f4efe4c.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701The impact of a collaborative care model on leukemia patients' quality of life and anxiety25405110.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.254051ENShila LatifzadehClinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranAlice KhachianNursing care research center,department of Medical Surgical Nursing,school of Nursing and midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran,IranShaghayegh SedighIran University of Medical Sciences.Tehran,IranSona Elyasidepartment of Medical Surgical nursing, Iran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,IranMaedeh MortezanasabTabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.Ghazal GhaderiMSc in pediatric nursing; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20220616<strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Leukemia is one of the top five cancers in Iran. Aside from physical issues, the disease causes a variety of social and psychological issues for patients. In this regard, one aspect that cancer may affect is quality of life, which can lead to anxiety. The collaborative care model is a novel nursing model that improves treatment outcomes through collaboration. As a result, the purpose of this study is to look into the impact of a collaborative care model on quality of life and anxiety in leukemia patients.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> The current non-randomized clinical trial, which included a control group, was conducted on 60 leukemia patients at Firoozgar and Rasoul Akram hospitals in Tehran (affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences). The hospitals were randomly divided into two groups: control and intervention, and patients were chosen at random from each hospital using a convenience sampling method. The collaborative care model was implemented in the intervention group, while no specific measures were taken in the control group. Patients in both groups' quality of life was measured using the Quality-of-Life Questionnaire in Oncology Patients before, one, and two months after the intervention, and their anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Both groups completed their questionnaires using a self-report method.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In terms of demographic characteristics, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Prior to the intervention, no statistically significant difference in mean anxiety, quality of life, and its dimensions was observed between the two groups (p>0.05). Following the intervention, a statistically significant difference in mean anxiety and quality of life scores was observed between the two groups (p<0.05), indicating a decrease in anxiety and an increase in quality of life among patients in the intervention group.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Based on the findings, it appears that the collaborative care model has a positive effect on reducing anxiety and improving quality of life in leukemia patients, and it is preferable to use this model when caring for this group of patients.https://www.ijehs.com/article_254051_5b18ef1cd84116974b3e8b1a9f8fd0e6.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Challenges of Health Care Workers Caring for COVID-19 Patients in a Teaching Hospital, Nepal25405010.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.254050ENRam PrasadSharma GChitwan Medical College, Bharatpur-10, NepalKalpana SharmaChitwan Medical College, Bharatpur-10, NepalNiki ShresthaChitwan Medical College, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan.Journal Article20220627<strong>Background:</strong> When working in Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) wards and ICUs, Health Care Workers (HCWs) face numerous physical and psychosocial challenges. The purpose of this study was to look into the difficulties that HCWs face when caring for COVID-19 patients.<br /><em> </em><strong>Method:</strong> A qualitative phenomenological study was used, and the study sample included 12 HCWs (8 nurses and 4 doctors) who worked specifically with COVID-19 patients. A semi-structured interview guideline was used for data collection, and Giorgi's method was used for analysis.<br /><em> </em><strong>Results:</strong> During the pandemic, HCWs faced numerous challenges while caring for COVID-19 patients in a hospital. HCWs faced five major challenges: (i) increased workload and staff shortages, (ii) mental stress, (iii) social stigma and isolation, (iv) resource scarcity, and (v) a lack of specific skill training.<br /><em> </em><strong>Conclusion:</strong> While caring for COVID-19 patients during the pandemic, health care workers faced numerous physical, psychological, and social challenges. As a result, these issues must be addressed in order to provide quality care in the hospital.https://www.ijehs.com/article_254050_2046013fb5ec6423646c3e751c738015.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Knowledge and attitude of nurses working in pediatric wards about pediatric palliative care in Tabriz 202125399910.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253999ENGhazal GhaderiDepartment of pediatrics nursing, Tabriz univesity of medical sciences,Tabriz, IranMahni Rahkar FarshiDepartment of pediatrics nursing, Tabriz univesity of medical sciences, Tabriz, IranMahnaz JabraeiliDepartment of pediatrics nursing, Tabriz univesity of medical sciences,Tabriz, IranJournal Article20220702Background: Provision of pediatric palliative care is of particular importance. Therefore, this study aims to assess knowledge and attitude of nurses working in pediatric wards about this matter.<br /><br />Methods: The current descriptive study was conducted in 3 hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. The sample consisted of all nurses working in pediatric wards, who were selected through a convenience sampling method. For data collection, a checklist for demographic variables, Palliative Care Quiz for Nursing, and Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Patients were used. Collected data were then analysed using SPSS.<br /><br />Results: Of the total of 247 questionnaires distributed, 220 were returned completely. Most of the participants were female (96.3%). Their mean age was 32 years, and their mean work experience in clinical wards was 7.22 years. The results showed that the mean total scores of nurses’ knowledge and attitude about pediatric palliative care were 10.70±2.83 and 97.90±98.83, respectively.<br /><br />Conclusion: Findings of this study showed that nurses have a good attitude and poor knowledge about pediatric palliative care. Considering the findings of this study as well as the importance of pediatric palliative care, it is necessary to improve nurses’ knowledge about this matter. Further studies are also recommended in this regard.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253999_7eb5c8fb5556120972ab09356e940027.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Epidemiological Evaluation of Associated Risk Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection Using Noninvasive Methods: A Case Study of Peptic Ulcer Patients in Lafia, Nigeria.25399810.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253998ENHulera UsmanKabidoDepartment of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, NigeriaJoseph FuhNfongehFederal University of Lafiaoooo-0002-2339-4810Victor KolawoleFadayomiDepartment of Zoology, Federal University of Lafia, NigeriaOnyemachi IfeanyiAdibeDepartment of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, NigeriaAbdullahi ShuaibuKabiruDepartment of Microbiology, Federal University of Lafia, NigeriaNafisat TijjaniDalhatNasarawa State Primary Healthcare Agency, Lafia, NigeriaYahuza JibrinAbubakarDalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH), Lafia, Nigeria.Journal Article20220615<strong>Background: </strong>Due to its persistent nature, ulcers brought on by <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> have been a significant public health concern. This study looked at how specific risk factors affected the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among peptic ulcer patients visiting medical institutions in Lafia, Nigeria.<br /> <strong>Methods:</strong> The blood and stool samples of 180 individuals (71 men and 109 women) were collected randomly, checked for <em>H. pylori</em> using test strips for <em>H. pylori</em> antibodies and antigens (Azure Biotech Inc.), and the feces also were grown on Columbia blood agar base (TITAN Biotech Ltd). Using a standardized questionnaire, some participant risk data was also gathered.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A positive culture method (CM) test result was obtained from 14/71 (19.72%) of the 71 male patients and 37/109 (33.94%) of the 109 female subjects out of a total of 210 subjects. For CM alone, it was discovered that female participants had a considerably greater incidence of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infection than their male counterparts (p=0.038). Nevertheless, all analytical techniques discovered no evidence of a significant difference between age groups (p>0.05). Only the blood antibody (BAB) approach showed a substantially greater prevalence (p=0.021) in married patients, with 79/116 (68.10%) reactive instances. The presence of drinking water source (p < 0.001, 0.001, 0.002 using CM, BAB, and SAG, respectively) and number of occupants per room (p < 0.001, 0.001, 0.002 using CM, BAB, and SAG, respectively) as potential risk factors for <em>H. pylori</em> infection was also demonstrated.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The majority of risk factors that were taken into consideration for this study demonstrated a strong correlation with <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> infection in Lafia, Nigeria.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253998_fe2c033efe54a747c1803a4e85d98b0f.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Characteristics of a case-series of COVID-19 reinfection and its trend from 2020 to June 2022 in a general medicine office in Toledo, Spain25390910.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253909ENJose Luis Turabianhttps://orcid.org/00Journal Article20220716<strong>Background: </strong>Longitudinal data on SARS-CoV-2 re-infection are scarce.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Objectives: </strong>1) Characterize COVID-19 reinfection cases clinically and epidemiologically; 2) Determine whether the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection has altered over time in the context of the development of beta, delta, and omicron variants.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>From March 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022, an observational, longitudinal, and prospective investigation of Covid-19 re-infections was done in a general medical practice in Toledo, Spain.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>There were 43 cases in total, including 45 reinfections (2 cases presented 2 reinfections). The average period between first infection and reinfection was 346 days (range: 95-813 days). The average age was 41 years (range: 17-70 years). 5% were over the age of 65. 56% were female. 14% belonged to an ethnic minority. 82% of reinfections occurred among individuals who had been vaccinated (19%, 28%, and 35% in those who had received one dose, two doses, and a booster, respectively). They were symptomatic in 96% of the cases. All cases of reinfection were minor, with nonspecific symptoms (discomfort, asthenia, myalgia, fever, arthralgia) predominating (39%). Chronic illnesses were present in 60% of reinfection cases, with the Genitourinary (19%), Endocrine (17%), and Respiratory (16%) systems predominately. Reinfections have been steadily growing since 2020, with 67% occurring in 2022.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We discovered evidence of a continual increase in the incidence of reinfections in Toledo, Spain, primarily beginning in January 2022, which is temporally congruent with the introduction of the omicron variety, indicating its improved ability to infect previously infected persons.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253909_e671b81c6521d6971185823be6e30f86.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Comparative Study of the Error Trend and Seasonal Exponential Smoothing and ARIMA Model Using COVID-19 Death Rate in Nigeria25351010.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253510ENSamuel OlorunfemiAdamsDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Abuja, Nigeria0000-0001-9881-1925Godwin SomtoUniversity of Abuja, Abuja, NigeriaJournal Article20220601<strong>Background:</strong> COVID-19 has claimed the lives of millions of people in Nigeria and around the world during the last two years. It is a recognized global health crisis of our day, as well as a persistent threat to the earth. The goal of this study was to examine the trend and fit an Error Trend and Seasonal (ETS) exponential smoothing and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model to Nigeria's COVID-19 daily fatalities.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>A dataset of daily COVID-19 confirmed fatality cases was used in the investigation. Data was acquired from the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) web database between the 10th of July 2020 and the 2nd of December 2021. The ARIMA model and twelve (12) ETS exponential smoothing techniques were investigated using a dataset of COVID-19 pandemic deaths in Nigeria. The ARIMA and ETS exponential smoothing algorithms were evaluated using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Hannan Quinn Information Criterion (HQC), and Average Mean Squared Error (AMSE) selection criteria.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> The ARIMA (0,1,0) model was the best time series modeling for the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic in Nigeria since it had the lowest AIC=2863.51, BIC=2866.90, HQ = 2866.90, and AMSE = 0.55471 values.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ARIMA (0,1,0) model is preferred above the other thirteen (13) competing models based on daily confirmed COVID-19 deaths in Nigeria. This research would assist the Nigerian government in better understanding the pestilence's evolution pattern and providing adequate provisions, prompt mediation, and treatment to prevent additional deaths caused by the virus.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253510_34bfe35cfc74b393552f84d3c344bf4a.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701What does an epidemiologist actually do? A note for non-epidemiologists.25334310.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253343ENAbdel-Hady El-GilanyMansoura University0000-0001-9376-6985Journal Article20220519<strong>Background:</strong> During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of epidemiologists and epidemiology as a science is becoming clear. An epidemiologist leads the team that deals with health emergencies and pandemics. Whatever type of epidemiologist they are, they must have specific competencies, skills, functions, and ethics.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> PubMed and Google were searched for full texts of studies published in English using the key words "epidemiologist" in conjunction with definition, competencies, skills, functions, roles, types, and ethics. This narrative review included all of the literature that was retrieved. We only included the most recent and pertinent articles. Standard epidemiology textbooks were also screened for the relevant review heading.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> We summarized the contributions of key epidemiologists from Hippocrates to Austin Bradford Hill, as well as their competencies or skills, functions, and 16 types of epidemiologists. Finally, epidemiologists' ethics were discussed.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> For early detection and prevention of epidemics and health disasters, effective liaison between epidemiologists, clinicians of various specialties, and policymakers is required. This is especially important in developing and developed countries where the number of epidemiologists is low and the majority work in teaching institutions where their contributions are undervalued.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253343_9852e21cb7688f2d53049b9abc1ba3ab.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Application of Donabedian framework of structure, process, and outcome in diabetes management among elderly living in nursing homes in Isfahan, Iran25306710.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.253067ENZahra NooriNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center , School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Parvaneh KhorasaniDepartment of Community Health & Gerontological Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Habibollah HosseiniHealth Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran0000-0003-2494-5204Journal Article20220325<strong>Introduction:</strong> The purpose of this study was to assess the status of diabetes management among elderly people living in Isfahan nursing homes using the Donabedian framework in three parts: structure, process, and outcome.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> In 2018, the current descriptive-cross-sectional approach was used in 13 nursing homes in Isfahan. Data was collected using a dependable and valid research-created checklist that evaluated diabetes management through three components: organizational structure (8 dimensions and 33 items), processes (3 dimensions and 23 items), and outcomes (2 dimensions and 7 items). Data was collected by observing the equipment and human resources, interviewing key informants and nurses, reviewing documents, and collecting blood and urine samples under standard conditions.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Structure, process, and outcome mean scores were 34.5±2.6, 38.5±5.9, and 65.6±13.9, respectively. The highest and lowest structure scores were associated with "referral system" and "trained personnel," respectively; process scores were associated with "counseling and risk factor reduction" and "immunization," and outcome scores with "physical examination and history taking" and "documentation of laboratory results." The mean score of structure was found to have a direct relationship with process and outcome (p < 0.05). There was also a direct relationship (p <0.05) between the mean process and outcome scores. Linear regression analysis revealed that structure was a significant predictor of outcome (p = 0.01).<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The findings revealed some issues with the structure, process, and outcome of providing appropriate diabetes management care in nursing homes. To achieve positive results in this area, it is necessary to focus on the human resources, facilities, and equipment required to manage diabetes in nursing homes.https://www.ijehs.com/article_253067_eb0d6440af1a683c49f71e3b0d351d62.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220701Prevalence of functional limitation in Indian COVID-19 recovered patients25252410.51757/IJEHS.3.2022.252524ENTintu TomClinical instructor, Aster Medcity, KochiSonymol KRegional Head Nursing, Kerala cluster, Aster DM HealthcareJournal Article20220408<strong>Background:</strong> The Coronavirus Disease-2019 manifested as a serious infectious disease that affected people of all ages and genders, particularly older patients with comorbidities. Patients who have recovered from COVID have serious restrictions.<br /> <br /><strong>Aims:</strong> The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-COVID-19 functional status (PCFS) in patients and the relationship between post-COVID-19 functional status and selected demographic characteristics.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This study employed a descriptive survey research design and a quantitative, non-experimental research approach. Data were obtained from 190 COVID-19 recovered patients admitted to an Indian quaternary hospital who met the inclusion criteria utilizing an online survey approach and a mobile app. Prior to the study, the institutional scientific and ethical committees approved it. The study's findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The percentage of demographic data is identified, and the post COVID functional limitation of samples shows that 58 percent have negligible functional limitation, 24 percent have no functional limitation, 16 percent have slight functional limitation, 1 percent have moderate functional limitation, and 1 percent have severe functional limitation. There was an association between PCFS and age, as well as PCFS and the COVID-19 group.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Some COVID-19 survivors suffered functional difficulties after infection. The severity of the disease and its duration are important risk factors for the development of post-COVID-19 functional impairments. The study's findings assist healthcare professionals in improving their understanding of post-COPID functional status and providing appropriate care to post-COPID recovered patients.https://www.ijehs.com/article_252524_b9c5d3271ba67d6b9ca84a3bf01ff0ec.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Cumulative evaluation of demography and distribution of COVID-19 around the globe: An update report of COVID-19 until 17th February, 2022.25143510.51757/IJEHS.3.6.2022.251435ENJoseph Oyepata SimeonDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University, Oye–Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria0000-0001-9490-3574Joseph Opeyemi TosinDepartment of pharmacology, Faculty of pharmacy, Lead City University, Ibadan, NigeriaSabastine Aliyu ZubairuDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, NigeriaJournal Article20220219<strong>Background and Objective: </strong>COVID-19 has had a worldwide impact in a variety of ways since its discovery in China. As a result, it's critical to maintain a constant eye on the virus's impact around the world. The goal of this research is to compile a global assessment of COVID-19 demographics and distribution, as well as a COVID-19 update report till February 17th, 2022.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was provided by the United Nations Geochem database from 151 nations and areas throughout the world. The results were compiled and compared to the figures obtained for the United States.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> When compared to the United States, the American continent has a lower incidence but the same fatality rate. When compared to the United States, most European and Asian countries have the same cumulative incidence and mortality rates as the United States, except for a few countries such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. When compared to the United States, the African continent has an extremely low incidence and fatality rate.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The development of the Omicron variety seems to make COVID-19's approach and comprehension more complicated. As a result, the virus has had a long-term impact all over the world. Africa, on the other hand, is not particularly afflicted by all the virus's strains. As a result, the rest of the world must research the cause of this "African exception" and maybe comprehend its ramifications in terms of potential immunity.https://www.ijehs.com/article_251435_9e8b8bb150311949717b4f23f3ce1858.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Wearing Face Mask for COVID-19 Prevention: A timely example of Prevention Paradox25143410.51757/IJEHS.3.5.2022.251434ENMoslem Taheri Soodejani1Center for Healthcare Data Modeling, Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranSeyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei2Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20220209A "prevention paradox," according to Thompson, is a type of prevention that has many benefits for the entire population but may not be as beneficial to each individual as it is to the entire community. COVID-19 is one of the most mysterious developing viruses in history, capable of being transmitted from one person to another mostly through breathing. If we do not follow specific advice, such as wearing a face mask, we will all become infected very rapidly. To save the lives of a small percentage of the population, millions of people should wear face masks.https://www.ijehs.com/article_251434_0358a33c8559d63dcde7cfe229464e57.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801The associated factors of COVID-19-related anxiety and its relationship with resilience among nurses working in corona wards25143310.51757/IJEHS.3.5.2022.251433ENFarnoosh RashvandSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non- Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranBahareh YousefiStudent Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranOmid TaherkhaniStudent Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranAli MahmoudiStudent Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran0000-0001-8036-0417Journal Article20220304<strong>Introduction:</strong> It is vital to identify psychological disorders and their effective elements among nurses working in acute wards. As a result, the current study was carried out with the goal of determining the link between COVID-19-related anxiety and nurse resilience.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> At 2021, 249 nurses working in Qazvin teaching hospitals participated in this descriptive cross-sectional survey. A three-part tool was used to gather information: a demographics questionnaire, the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale, and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The mean resilience and COVID-19-related anxiety scores were 66.28 ± 14.12 and 9.81 ± 9.74 (p0.001), respectively. Resilience, job tenure in corona wards, work experience in corona wards, and workplace are the most effective and significant factors on nurses' COVID-19-related anxiety, while marital status and workplace are the most effective and significant factors on nurses' resilience, according to the results of univariate regression analysis.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> COVID-19-related anxiety was reduced in the wards by nurses with higher resilience levels. This discovery can be used in management planning to help nurses feel less anxious.https://www.ijehs.com/article_251433_de587011346be914f22b3f748af804c5.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801The COVID-19 tale of the six European Microstates: How did these “overlooked” microstates fare?25082110.51757/IJEHS.3.4.2022.250821ENSarah CuschieriFaculty of Medicine & Surgery University of Malta0000-0003-2012-9234Tamara Attard MalliaFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaElaine PiscopoFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaAnneka PaceFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaDaniela ChatlaniFaculty of Medicine & Surgery University of MaltaKarl MifsudFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaNicole MifsudFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaJake VellaFaculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of MaltaAndrea CuschieriFaculty of Medicine & SurgeryJournal Article20220217<strong>Background: </strong>COVID-19 has impacted the European microstates of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, the Republic of San Marino, and Vatican City. Even though they have similar population sizes, they are rarely studied. The goal was to summarize the COVID-19 situation (January 2020–July 2021) for these microstates, as well as the outcome and immunization roll-out throughout the first 18 months. While researching COVID-19 incidence and mortality trends among microstates and their land bordering nations,<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>Epidemiological data was gathered from the database "Our World in Data," whereas COVID-19-related tactics were based on Ministry of Health webpages and local newspapers. Using COVID-19 data (where applicable), the six microstates and their adjacent nations were compared.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>From the start of COVID-19 until August 1, 2021, the microstates reported a total of 60,174 positive cases and 730 deaths. Andorra had the greatest rates of COVID-19 infection (190 per 1,000) and mortality (1.66 per 1,000). The microstates had similar COVID-19 results, but their bordering nations shared the most striking similarities. COVID-19 cases, fatality rates, and vaccine doses all have a bidirectional link.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Whether land borders exist, timely mitigation measures and vaccination rollouts appear to be the keys to pandemic containment. The greatest pandemic impact on a country, however, appears to be dependent on cross-border transmission rates.https://www.ijehs.com/article_250821_5592bad835bd331cbbe19fd7fcad621a.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Assessing the risk between vaccination status and infections within COVID-19 families in Spain24949010.51757/IJEHS.3.4.2022.249490ENJose Luis Turabianhttps://orcid.org/00Journal Article20220206<strong>Background: </strong>It's unclear whether vaccination individuals against SARS-CoV-2 protects family members in the same way.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Objective: </strong>The assessment of risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission from index cases with COVID-19 breakthrough infection in completely vaccinated patients to fully vaccinated family members.<br /><strong> </strong><strong>Methods: </strong>From February 1 to November 30, 2021, an observational, longitudinal, and prospective research of families with one primary case of COVID-19 breakthrough infection was done in a general medicine practice in Toledo, Spain.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>Thirteen primary cases of COVID-19 breakthrough infection in 13 families with at least one other family member were included, of which 9 were positive secondary cases (sick) and 8 were negative partners (healthy) properly vaccinated. Being a woman, being over 45 years old, being a social-health professional, being an ethnic minority, and having chronic conditions all increased the likelihood of developing COVID-19 in fully vaccinated contacts and main cases. Although vaccination 2ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 had a higher effectiveness than BNT162b2 mRNA, none of these risk or protective factors were statistically significant.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Young women, social health workers, ethnic minority groups, and people with chronic diseases are the completely vaccinated contacts with the highest risk of having COVID-19, after primary cases also vaccinated in the family, in Toledo (Spain), when the delta variant became dominant but before the rise of omicron.https://www.ijehs.com/article_249490_eac60d54b4661cd37f1a8f610818354e.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Prevalence of Diurnal Physical Mobility and Sedentary Behavior among Allied Healthcare College Students in Puducherry, India24917310.51757/IJEHS.3.3.2022.249173ENPaulraj ManickaveluSri Venkateshwaraa College of Physiotherapy, Puducherry. India.
and National Institute of Technology (NIT), Karaikal, Puducherry, IndiaBabu SNational Institute of Technology (NIT), Karaikal, Puducherry, IndiaAnand BabuKaliyaperumalSri Venkateshwaraa College of Physiotherapy, Puducherry. India.
and National Institute of Technology (NIT), Karaikal, Puducherry, IndiaJournal Article20211105Background: Allied and Healthcare Education (AHE), which prepares students to work as physical therapists, occupational therapists, nutritionists, dietitians, medical laboratory technicians, and other health and allied professionals. AHE students' healthy lifestyles may aid in the formation of a healthy community, which is more likely to provide effective patient care. Several studies have been carried out to investigate the global prevalence of physical activity (PA) and Sedentary Behavior in the general population. The present study aims to assess the level of diurnal physical mobility and sedentary behavior among AHE students in Pondicherry.<br />Methods: The prevalence study included 158 AHE undergraduate students, with data collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and reported in metabolic equivalents (MET).<br />Results: Among 158 study populations, it was found that 86 (54.4%) university students practiced low level of physical mobility with a mean MET of 318.5, and 44 (27.8%) students practiced moderate physical mobility with a mean MET value of 1260.9, and only 28 (17.7%) students performed high levels of physical mobility with a mean MET value of 5250.5.<br />Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of AHE students have altered their physical mobility behavior. The study also found that a higher percentage of students were physically inactive and that this puts them at risk of developing early illness.https://www.ijehs.com/article_249173_38473c61ba3695a71805372557211edd.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Numerical Analysis of the Fifth Wave of COVID-19 epidemic in Tokyo, Japan24917010.51757/IJEHS.3.3.2022.249170ENKyosuke OnoEmeritus Professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan0000-0001-9431-0680Journal Article20211213<strong>Background</strong>: A mathematical investigation of the reasons for the fifth wave's quick expansion and reduction in Tokyo, Japan, is required to avoid the spread of subsequent COVID-19 infections.<br /> <br /><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the simple IR theory underlying the susceptible-infectious-removed (SIR) hypothesis of infectious disease epidemics, infected persons (I), infection rate, and testing/isolation rate are determined from accessible data of daily positive cases (R) and testing numbers.<br /> <br /><strong>Results:</strong> The rapid spread of illness from late July to mid-August was owing to a drop in the number of people tested to half that of weekdays during the Olympic Games' four and three-day vacations. The maximum number of daily positives would have been lowered to two-fifths of the actual positives in early August if the number of weekday tests had been maintained during these holidays and would have fallen monotonically thereafter. The infection rates mean value fell steadily from 0.65 in late August to around 0.25 by the end of September. The significant increase in vaccination rates is mostly to blame for the fall in infection rates. In Tokyo, the impact of mRNA-based vaccines on infection prevention and increased vaccination rates could reduce the infection rate to 1/2 on September 10 and 1/3 by the end of October.<br /> <br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to the findings, a new infection like the delta variant can be suppressed to less than the fifth wave by increasing vaccination rates, eliminating three consecutive holidays, and implementing a precautionary testing system that maintains the same number of tests on weekends as on weekdays in the event of a rapid spread of infection in an emergency.https://www.ijehs.com/article_249170_4d61ee3e7a43160575fc340da96e331e.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Evaluatıon of populatıon-based breast cancer screenıng program in Turkey: Preliminary results24838810.51757/IJEHS.3.2.2022.248388ENFatih KaraDepartment of Public Health; Turkish Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Ankara, TurkeyBekir KeskinkilicTurkish Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Ankara, TurkeyMurat TurkyilmazTurkish Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Cancer Control Division, Ankara, TurkeyFahriye UnluTurkish Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Cancer Control Division, Ankara, TurkeySelin DundarTurkish Ministry of Health, Public Health Institute, Cancer Control Division, Ankara, TurkeyErkin AribalAcibadem University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, TurkeySerap GultekinGazi University, School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Ankara, TurkeyAysenur OktayEge University School of Medicine Department of Radiology IzmirJournal Article20211125<strong>Introduction:</strong> In Turkey, a population-based breast cancer screening program for women aged 40 to 69 years old was recently introduced. The goal of this study was to document early outcomes and assess the program's success.<br /><strong>Method: </strong>This study looked at the 348,638 women who were screened in 2016. For end results, all data was gathered from the national centralized reporting system and the Cancer Registry database. For benign discoveries, Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 1-2 were applied, and for recalls, BI-RADS 0, 4, or 5 were utilized, depending on the level of suspicion. The study looked at the age distribution, recall rate, cancer detection, and interval cancer rates. The stages of identified malignancies were examined and compared to those of the nonscreened group throughout the same time frame.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In the screening population, 43.2 percent of women were between the ages of 40 and 49, and 56.8% were between the ages of 50 and 69. The age range of 50–69 was responsible for 70% of screen-detected malignancies. The total recall rate (n = 19,607) was 5.6 percent. The malignancy rate for BI-RADS 5 recalls was 70.2 percent, 19.2 percent for BI-RADS 4, and 1.7 percent for BI-RADS 0 recalls. Screen-discovered malignancies were detected at a rate of 3.2 per 1000 screening exams (n = 1,120). When compared to the Non screened group, the screened group had a larger percentage of early-stage illness (54.3%). (46.7 percent). Interval cancers were discovered in 231 women (0.66 per 1000 screened women).<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Turkey's recently launched population-based breast cancer screening program appears to be viable and successful, according to preliminary results. According to this study, the breast cancer screening program should be sustained, with coverage of the target group rising.https://www.ijehs.com/article_248388_9de910134caecc756370de969c9f5569.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Vaccination Coverage as a Predictor of COVID-19 Case Fatality Rates in Malaysia24838710.51757/IJEHS.3.2.2022.248387ENKuok Ho Daniel TangEnvironmental Science Program, Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, China.Journal Article20211129Vaccination has offered the hope of restoring life to pre-COVID-19 normalcy. However, new COVID-19 cases have continued to emerge and have increased in certain regions even with increasing vaccination coverage. This study aims to explore the correlations between daily COVID-19 case fatality rates, vaccination coverage as well as daily new cases and deaths of COVID-19 in Malaysia. It aims to compare the pre- and post-vaccination COVID-19 case fatality rates and examine if any difference between the rates is statistically significant. It also aims to identify the main predictors of COVID-19 case fatality rates. This study obtained the data of daily new cases and deaths of COVID-19, as well as the daily vaccination coverage in Malaysia from official platforms and government offices for non-parametric statistical analysis. It explored the Spearman’s correlations between daily COVID-19 case fatality rates, daily new COVID-19 cases and deaths as well as the vaccination coverage in Malaysia. It examined the difference in the pre- and post-vaccination daily COVID-19 case fatality rates with Mann-Whitney U Test. It constructed a multiple regression model to identify the significant predictors of the daily case fatality rates. This study shows that daily COVID-19 case fatality rates are positively correlated with daily new COVID-19 cases and deaths, and vaccination coverage. It reveals that post-vaccination case fatality rates are lower than pre-vaccination and the difference is statistically significant. People fully vaccinated per 100 population is a significant predictor of the decline of daily case fatality rates.https://www.ijehs.com/article_248387_27ba1c8c4e159edd6f79866cc4a6379b.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Prevalence and Incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in West Africa: A systematic review24774610.51757/IJEHS.3.1.2022.247746ENAyouba A.FofanaHealth policy and Global Health Department, Public Health Institute, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, TurkeyNimetcan MehmetPublic Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, TurkeyJournal Article20211105<strong>Background: </strong>In Africa, HIV is one of the most serious public health issues. The purpose of this study was to look into the prevalence and incidence rates of HIV/AIDS in West Africa across all age ranges and population groups.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a comprehensive study of published and unpublished studies on HIV/AIDS prevalence and incidence in West Africa. All publications published between 2010 and 2020 that were retrieved from databases, as well as other records containing information on the topic under consideration, were examined.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The comprehensive assessment of the literature generated 13 papers with data on the prevalence and incidence of HIV after applying the inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria. These items came from nine different countries in West Africa. The prevalence rate of HIV in a specific group ranged from 1.4 percent to 54.9 percent in this article review.<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The review found that HIV prevalence in important demographics in West African nations was high. It also revealed that women are the ones who are most affected. HIV prevalence and incidence differ from country to country. In comparison to other nations, HIV prevalence in important populations was greater in Nigeria and lower in Benin.https://www.ijehs.com/article_247746_634322013a5814f46fdd500a15448922.pdfInternational Journal of Epidemiology and Health Sciences2667-09413Continuous20220801Prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms and RT-PCR tests among professional football players of Iranian two top leagues24740310.51757/IJEHS.3.1.2022.247403ENHooman AngooraniDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2-FIFA medical centre of excellence, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8618-5688Soheila MasoudiDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7222-7592Molood Jafari FesharakiDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-4055-5284Bita ZoghalchiDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1621-5028Paniz JahaniDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-3782-3946Marzieh UrumiehDepartment of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Hazrat Rasool-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1081-1029Journal Article20211010<strong>Background:</strong> Following the resumption of football training and competitions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it was necessary to tighten up the hygiene protocol and impose restrictions such as prohibiting spectators from entering stadiums and the detection of positive disease cases, particularly among sub clinically infected players. The purpose of our study was to find out how common COVID-19 is among professional football players and to see if regular PCR testing and symptom recording are adequate screening methods in football.<br /><strong>Study design:</strong> A cross-sectional retrospective study was used as the study design.<br /><strong>Method:</strong> Periodic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing are used to evaluate athletes and other involved people for breaks in the transmission chain and to preserve their health. From March to November 2020, 784 players from Iran's prime and second division leagues participated in this study. The symptoms of the participants, as well as the results of the PCR testing, were recorded.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that 107 cases (13.6%) had positive PCR tests, with 52 Premier League players (10.4%) and 55 second-tier League players among them (19.3 percent). 41.1 percent of individuals who had positive PCR testing were symptom-free, while 17.5 percent of those who tested negative experienced at least one symptom. Myalgia was the most commonly reported symptom among symptomatic participants (7%).<br /><br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Due to the large number of asymptomatic patients, we advocate combining a periodic PCR test with serologic tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in football players to improve diagnostic accuracy.https://www.ijehs.com/article_247403_688a183fd7f582f514d3f1a39d508781.pdf